Shintoism in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Shintoism in Japan - Essay Example This indigenous religion of Japan is an unstructured blend of a few convictions and practices, for example, the love of nature, future prognosticating, ripeness factions and shamanism. In its most central structure, Shinto is the strict structure of Japanese patriotism. As indicated by Shinto custom, the Japanese individuals and their nation were supernaturally made, their sovereigns relatives of the Sun Goddess. Ordinarily, Japanese who are subsidiary with Confucianism or the Buddhist religion are at the same time partnered with the Shinto organization. The two loved books of Shintoism are the Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan) and the Kojiki (Chronicles of Ancient Events). The Kojiki instructs that first and foremost were the two kami (divinities), Izanagi (male-who-welcomes) and Izanami (female who-welcomes). Following the production of Japan they delivered numerous other kami. As per this fanciful legend, Izanami died in the wake of bringing forth the kami of fire. Izanagi, trying to discover her, traveled to Hell where he discovered her deteriorated body plagued by worms. Frightened, he at that point returned to Japan in repugnance and sanitized himself by entering a waterway. The Sun Goddess, the Great Kami Amaterasu developed when he cleaned out his left eye and Tsukiyom the Moon Kami appeared when he cleaned out his correct eye. Following numerous long periods of war between the individuals of Japan, the Sun Goddess made her grandson, Ninigi, the main ruler of Japan. The Shinto religion is the main religion of the world that is sp oken to by a female Deity. Japanese legend fights that the primary head showed up during the seventh century B.C. be that as it may, current specialists put the genuine beginnings of Japanese emperorship at around 200 A. D.

British Government Essay Example for Free

English Government Essay Assess various techniques for evaluating the present annihilation rate. Do you imagine that people will incite a mass elimination on a similar scale as the Big Five? Presentation: There is accord in mainstream researchers that the ebb and flow monstrous corruption of natural surroundings and eradication of huge numbers of the Earths biota is exceptional and is occurring on a disastrously short timescale. In view of eradication rates evaluated to be a great many occasions the foundation rate, figures moving toward 30% killing of all species by the mid 21st century are not unreasonable, an occasion practically identical to a portion of the calamitous mass elimination occasions of the past. The present pace of rainforest demolition represents a significant danger to animal varieties decent variety. In like manner, the corruption of the marine environments is legitimately apparent through the denudation of species that were once prevailing and basic to such biological systems. For sure, this colloquium is surrounded by a view that if the current worldwide elimination occasion is of the size that is by all accounts all around showed by the current information, at that point its belongings will on a very basic level reset the future advancement of the planets biota. Robert Whittaker perceived an extra realm for the Fungi. The subsequent five-realm framework, proposed in 1969, has gotten a well known norm and with some refinement is as yet utilized in numerous works, or structures the reason for more up to date multi-realm frameworks. It depends fundamentally on contrasts in nourishment: his Plantae were for the most part multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular, heterotrophs and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The staying two realms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and basic cell settlements. Eradication rates in the fossil records: The time at which a creature is named turning out to be wiped out is the point at which the most youthful fossil of its structure is found. Almost certainly, there would have been later instances of the living being available, which were essentially not protected. It is realized that a few genera have existed for extensive stretches around this time without leaving any known fossil record by the wonders of Lazarus taxa. It is accepted that these life forms were basically not safeguarded during the time they are missing, or saved in seaward dregs so far unfamiliar. This may likewise be the situation with numerous different life forms making the dream they are getting wiped out before they are in all actuality. Environmental Evolutionary Factor influencing the past elimination: Many case that human movement caused a huge size of plants and creatures termination. The others guarantee that human caused eradications are on a comparable scale to those that happened 65 million years back at the limit between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods when most species died including the dinosaurs. This causes two particular concerns: (1) The loss of species will hurt people (2) Quite separated from any mischief to people; there is an obligation to forestall ecocide. As indicated by Peter Raven (National Academy of Science) â€Å"We are going up against a scene of species eradication more noteworthy than anything the world has encountered for as long as 65 million years. Of all the worldwide issues that go up against us, this is the one that is moving the most quickly and the one that will have the most genuine outcomes. Also, dissimilar to other worldwide environmental issues, it is totally irreversible. † Different individuals assess this obligation in an unexpected way. Since the reason for these pages is build up the supportability of material advancement, Ill take the view that in spite of the fact that biodiversity is a significant courtesy, we are for the most part worried about the degree to which misfortunes of assorted variety are a danger to human advancement. One intriguing certainty with regards to the article concerns the impact of an expansion in temperature on the north-south scope of a plant animal varieties, particularly of trees. Things being what they are, the northern furthest reaches of an animal groups is dictated by temperature. As that breaking point is moved toward the pace of development goes to zero. Nonetheless, the pace of development of an animal varieties doesn't decay as it moves toward the southern furthest reaches of its range yet stays steady or even increments. What decides a species’ southern limit is rivalry from different species that require high temperatures. Consequently the southern limit of an animal categories is probably going to change gradually as its domain is steadily attacked by species loving warm temperature. The attack is probably going to start in holes brought about by logging and different sorts of cease to exist. As indicated by Lord Robert May (FRS)- Chief Scientific Adviser to the British Government. â€Å"Hardly a day goes without one being informed that tropical deforestation is smothering approximately one animal categories consistently, or possibly one consistently. Such rough approximations depend on inexact species-zone relations, alongside evaluations of current paces of deforestation and suppositions at the worldwide complete number of species (which run from 5 to 80 million or more. ) While such figures seemingly have a reason in catching open consideration, there is an unmistakable and expanding requirement for better gauges of approaching paces of termination, in light of a quicker comprehension of elimination rates in the ongoing and far past, and on the hidden natural and developmental causes. † Scientists who stress over terminations frequently concur that the world will arrive at another harmony as temperature increments accepting it does. Be that as it may, they stress that the pace of increment of temperature is exceptional and that species, particularly of plants, will relocate northward too gradually and get wiped out. Approximately 43 percent of the earth’s earthbound vegetated surface has decreased ability to gracefully profit to humankind in light of the ongoing, direct effects of the land use. This speaks to 10 percent decrease in potential direct instrumental worth (PDIV), characterized as the possibility to yield direct advantages, for example, agrarian, ranger service, mechanical and clinical items. Profiting by the common recuperation instruments is desperately expected to forestall further irreversible corruption and to hold the different estimations of gainful land. Contrasts in termination rates among gatherings: Estimated Future eradication rates from the species territory relations: A superior method of contemplating paces of complete biota annihilation levels has been created with the examination of isotopic proportions of Carbon. At the point when life is copious there is totally carbon-12 inside the topographical record. Catalysts inside creatures, going into natural issue quicker, more proficiently acknowledge this isotope, which becomes lithified into rock. On occasion of brought down biotic action, for example, at an annihilation occasion when a great deal of life has been slaughtered, the proportion of carbon-13 inside the stones will be higher as a higher extent of carbon will be fixed as carbonates inorganically. Inorganic precipitation of carbon doesn't separate between the various isotopes of carbon as life does. By investigations of carbon isotope proportions it is then conceivable to see, by tops in the carbon-13, at what times there has been a decrease of biotic action. This is autonomous of whether living beings present are being protected or not, and appears at what rates the elimination is happening. Assessed future elimination rates from IUCN red Lists: Recent eradication rates are 100 to multiple times their pre-human levels notable, however systematically various gatherings from generally various situations. In the event that all species presently considered compromised become wiped out in the following century, at that point the future termination rates will be multiple times ongoing rates. Albeit new innovation gives subtleties on natural surroundings misfortunes, assessments of future annihilations are hampered by our restricted information on which regions are wealthy in endemics. The 2004 IUCN Red List contains 15,589 species compromised with termination. The appraisal incorporates species from an expansive scope of scientific classifications including vertebrates, spineless creatures, plants, and organisms. Notwithstanding, this figure is a belittle of the all out number of compromised species as it depends on an evaluation of under 3% of the world’s 1. 9 million portrayed species. Among significant species gatherings, the level of compromised species goes somewhere in the range of 12% and 52%. The IUCN Red List distinguishes 12% of feathered creatures as undermined, 23% of vertebrates, and 32% of creatures of land and water. In spite of the fact that reptiles have not been totally evaluated, the turtles and tortoises are moderately all around inspected with 42% undermined. Fishes are additionally ineffectively spoken to, however about 33% of sharks, beams and fabrications have been surveyed and 18% of this gathering is compromised. Local contextual investigations on freshwater angles show that these species may be more undermined than marine species. For instance, 27% of the freshwater species surveyed in Eastern Africa were recorded as undermined. Of plants, just conifers and cycads have been totally surveyed with 25% and 52% compromised separately. References: Robert M. May, John H. Lawton and Nigel E. Stork. â€Å" Assessing Extinction Rates† â€Å"Extinction Rate Analysis† http://palaeo. gly. bris. air conditioning. uk/Palaeofiles/Permian/rateanalysis. html â€Å"Restoring the incentive to the universes corrupted Lands† Gretchen C. Day by day â€Å"The eventual fate of biodiversity â€Å" Stuart L. Pimm, Gareth j. Russell, John L. Gittleman ,Thomas M. Stream â€Å"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species†http://www. iucn. organization/subjects/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN. htm References: IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3. 1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. ii+30. Parr C. S. also, Cummings M. P. 2005. Information partaking in environment and development. Patterns Ecol. Evol. 20: 362â€363. Purvis A. what's more, Rambaut A. 1995. Near investigation by free complexities (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for examining similar information. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11: 247â€251. Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso (2003) â€Å"The Specter of Species Extinction Will Global Warmi

Articles of Confederation Fail Essay Sample

Articles of Confederation Fail Essay Sample Why Did the Articles of Confederation Fail? The Key Reasons To this day, a lot of historians try to investigate and confirm the identity of all the witnesses and the participants to the formation of the original agreement between 13 colonies to establish the United States of America. This original document was the Articles of Confederation which was an attempt to replace the British governmental system and form a unifying governmental structure by 13 American colonies that fought for their independence in the American Revolution. In this short essay, I am going to discuss the key reasons what made the Articles of Confederation fail, but let’s start with the Articles of Confederation definition. The Articles of Confederation was the first US constitution which was ratified in 1781 but replaced eight years later in 1789 with the present Constitution of the United States. The Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? The researchers think that the essential weakness of the Articles of Confederation was caused by the fact that this document established a confederacy, a form of government which gave sovereign power in the hands of the independent states. This approach was accepted by the Founding Fathers due to the fact that the American colonists did not like the idea of a strong national government. American colonists identified themselves together with the colony where they lived so the idea to create American government which was based on strong state governments seemed quite natural. The Articles of Confederation were written in such a way that every individual state was as independent as possible and the national government of the United States was as weak as possible. According to the Articles of Confederation, the US central government was only responsible for such issues as the security of liberties, the general welfare, and the common defense. This led to many problems and the Articles of Confederation turned out to be ineffective at governing the permanently increasing American states. The major cause of this ineffectiveness was the absence of a strong national government which led to multiple limitations that made the Articles of Confederation ineffective. The Limitations Caused by the Absence of a Strong Central Government Researchers identify three key limitations that were caused by the absence of a strong national government. They include economic disorganization, legislative inefficiencies, and absence of national leadership. Economic limitations that were present in the Articles of Confederation resulted in financial hardships for the new American nation which was struggling to be competitive economically. These limitations caused economic disorganization and competition between different states because Congress could not control the foreign and interstate trade. Besides, there was no uniform system of currency which made the interstate trade and foreign commerce less efficient and more difficult. Congress was not given the power to raise revenues and impose taxes but had to request for money from the states. As a result, it was incapable of paying off America’s foreign debts, manage foreign affairs, and establish a national budget. Congress lacked effective means to regulate the economy or enforce its laws. The Articles of Confederation led to the lack of national leadership which took various forms. As there was no national court system, the judiciary branch was dependent on the states which could simply ignore national laws which they considered objectionable. There was a lack of chief executive who could conduct foreign affairs which was a serious diplomatic disadvantage to America. The central government was unable to deal with external and internal threats because Congress did not have the power to raise the army and was dependent on state militia. As a result, Congress could not quickly and effectively respond to possible external and internal threats. Legislating under the framework of the Articles of Confederation was inefficient. Regardless of the size, every state had one vote in Congress, but there was a large discrepancy in state populations. The consent of nine of thirteen states was required to pass any law in Congress and blocking the bill was possible by only five of thirteen states. The Articles of Confederation detailed a very difficult and impractical amendment process. Amendments required a unanimous vote that made it impossible to fix the poorly structured Articles of Confederation under the current form of government. As the economic, military, and legislative weaknesses became more apparent, the Articles of Confederation had been scrapped altogether and an entirely new governing document was approved. It was the Constitution of the United States which outlined a federal form of governance.

The Reform Movement of Progressivism - 1084 Words

Progressivism is defined as an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people to restore economic opportunities and to correct injustices in American life. During this time period, certain aspects of American life were in need of drastic change, so progressives led the charge towards reforming American society and politics. Among these aspects, social and political conditions were some of the most heavily reformed, involving women’s rights, and corruption. At the turn of the 20th century, appliances became more common in American households, reducing the amount of housework for women. Because of this women became more prominent in the workforce, and they began to take a more active role in politics. As they began to take an active role, they became some of the progressives who fought so hard for reforms on the political and social fronts. For example, Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago, located in one of the poor neighb orhoods. It was used as an information center for immigrants, so immigrants could learn English and be able to go out and get a job to support their families, and the House was also used by poor Americans as a multi-faceted enterprise. It had a music school for kids and adults, a school for kids to learn how to sew and other odd-jobs, a trades union for young women to help them find good, steady jobs, and a coffeehouse to serve meals to the homeless and poor. Other progressives, such as CarryShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Wide And Varied Movement Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesProgressivism was a wide and varied movement that changed American values and lifestyles having everlasting impact on American history. Progressivism, ranging from 1880 to 1920, was a well-planned and well-organized movement in the United States having wide as well as diversified goals. Leaders of progressivism movement focused on humanity element and tried to make advancements by promoting liberation to stimulate human force along with exploiting human potential to remove restraints imposed by contemporaryRead MoreEssay on A Progressive Movement1538 Words   |  7 PagesA Progressive Movement Much of a historian’s job is to read what their colleagues have written on their subject of interest at the moment. Often, they then go on to write their own opinions on the subject, thereby influencing the historians of the future. The famed historian and teacher Richard Hofstadter wrote The Age of Reform in 1955 about the late 19th century and early 20th century movement of Progressivism. In turn, other historians that include Paula Baker, Richard McCormick, andRead MoreMiddle Class Dillusionment Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesProgressivism: Middle Class Disillusionment In 1958, a man named George Mowry explains s economic, social, and political divisions of the progressivism movement. The progressivism movement ties in a lot with our society today and shows how history does indeed repeat itself. Mowry describes the good, and bad of progressivism, but emphasizes the bad. Mowry is really trying to exhibit the differences between capitalism and socialism in his essay and explain why progressivism is not good for theRead MoreEssay about The Progressive Era: Conflicting Viewpoints1651 Words   |  7 PagesFour historian’s interpretations on the Progressive Era and Progressivism were reviewed to determine whether their arguments and use of evidence were sound. Also, the particular known views of the historian were occasionally taken into account. Each of these works has its own particular view on the Progressive Era and its importance in history. In The Age of Reform, Richard Hofstadter reviews both the Populist and Progressive movements from a psychological standpoint. He maintains that both wereRead MoreThe Progressive Movement in the US Essay648 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle, The Failure of Progressivism by Richard Abrams, he says the progressives mostly sought to introduce old moral beliefs on Americans by trying to integrate Immigrants by making them accept the ways of American life. But Abrams states those goals were ruined for important motives. One being the movement failed because of racism, which was widespread, throughout this time era. Abrams also considers the new scientific developments concerning culture and race affected the movement in a relevant mannerRead MoreEssay on American Imperialism1074 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since its inception, America as a nation has developed and progressed according to trends of change that collectively define an era. Like all other eras, the time period of 1875-1925 experienced growth, changes, movements, and new ideals. It is the way that these changes came about that defines this era. Americans started to push for changes in many arenas of life that were previously unchallenged. New experiences and opportunities were also presented to America thatRead MoreThe Progressive Era in America1086 Words   |  4 Pagesthat touched every aspect of American life. The progressivism movement centered on elements of humanity and promoted liberation in order to stimulate human force as well as human potential to remove the restraints of liberalization. By the late nineteenth century, after decades of expansion due to the push westward and years of growth due to the Industrial Revolution, the United States had truly become a modern nation. Just like any other movements or revolutions in the history of any country onRead MoreProgressivism And The Political System992 Words   |  4 PagesProgressivism is issued by middle-class people in the Untied State, and they are reformers, not revolutionaries, what they want is to make economic progress by change the political system. â€Å"progressives hoped to reinvigorate democracy by restoring political power to the citizenry and civic harmony to a divided society†(in the textbook page 561) Populism is issued to the farmers and the â€Å"underclass†, and they want to get the protection of their interests by the government. They believe that bankRead MoreEssay about The Pendleton Act 930 Words   |  4 Pagesfederal workers were then hired on competitive exams rather than political influence. Government jobs would now be based on merit, calling for a Progressivism Era. The Populist and Socialists soon emerged then declined. Farmers rose to form the Populist Party, which advocated for shorter workdays and government loans to farmers as well as election reforms. Once their party leader lost in the election, there causes washed-out. Next, the Socialist party formed to put an end to capitalism. The SocialistRead More The Populist and Progressive Movements Essay516 Words   |  3 PagesThe Populist and Progressive Movements The Populists and Progressive were form of movement that occurred during the outbreaks of the workers union after the civil war. The populists began during the late 1800s.The progressive began during the 1900s. There are many differences between these two movements, but yet these movements have many things that are similar. Farmers united to protect their interests, even creating a major political party. The party was called the peoples party

Enlightenment and Puritans - 782 Words

The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a period of social, religious, and political revolution throughout the 18th century which changed the thoughts of man during this â€Å"awakening† time. It was a liberation of ignorant thoughts, ideas, and actions that had broken away from the ignorant perception of how society was to be kept and obeyed thus giving little room for new ideas about the world. Puritan society found these new ideas of thought to be extremely radical in comparison to what they believed which was a belief of strong rational religion and morality. Enlightened society believed that the use of reason would be a catalyst of social change and had a demand of political representation thus resulting in a†¦show more content†¦Because of ideas that the Enlightenment brought forth from writing they also made a significant impact on how politics would transition from the old theocratic view of government into a democratic institution. Next , the new ideal of government started bringing new ideas of how the government should be ran. The old theocracy of the Puritans gave power to the ministers of the older settlements which limited all power from the people. An example of political philosophy ideas that were proposed was the introduction of empiricism by John Locke which profoundly influenced American society to the thought that government had an emphasis of a social contract which created a consistency between society and the laws of nature. This meant that power would reside with the people rather than the state. The Puritan government, before the Enlightenment, was shrouded in myth and radical religious rule where they believed that God had everything to do with how they should rule society and decisions that had to be made. Enlightenment philosophers that would eventually come to be, such as Thomas Jefferson, introduced the Constitution which stated that the government would be â€Å"for the people, by people†, resulting into equal rights for all and giving power to the people to make decisions. These ideas of equality and other ideas of political freedom would give way to changes in the social philosophy of the Puritans.Show MoreRelatedThe Puritan And The Embodiment Of Enlightenment1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Puritan and the Embodiment of Enlightenment The dichotomy between a Puritan and a Rationalist seems to be very apparent. Despite the differences, the very existence of these two writers showcases the need for dissent to influence, and to always question the status-quo. Anne Bradstreet and Benjamin Franklin give a glimpse of the time period during the creation of their works. Many factors affect their writing: gender and the reason for writing, references to non-Biblical scriptures, and theRead MoreFranklin: Puritan or Enlightenment? Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIs Franklin a Puritan or Enlightenment Thinker About Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Ha dad little formal education, but he made it through his own efforts and became a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace and he became almost everything: a printer, essayist, scientist, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, etc.-#161;#176;JackRead MoreEnlightenment, Transcendentalism, and Puritan Theology Essay1840 Words   |  8 PagesEnlightenment, transcendentalism, and puritan theology: 3 philosophies that shaped 3 centuries in America. Since the time periods of each philosophy overlapped with the others, all 3 had similarities as well as differences. From these philosophies came different writers with different views, shaping American prose. A major Enlightenment author was Thomas Paine. Thomas Paine wrote a piece called The Age of Reason. In this piece he fully encompassed the ideologies of the Enlightenment. These includedRead MoreThe Enlightenment Puritanism Essay807 Words   |  4 Pages The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a period of social, religious, and political revolution throughout the 18th century which changed the thoughts of man during this â€Å"awakening† time. It was a liberation of ignorant thoughts, ideas, and actions that had broken away from the ignorant perception of how society was to be kept and obeyed thus giving little room for new ideas about the world. Puritan society found these new ideas of thought to be extremely radical in comparisonRead MorePuritanism And Its Effect On Society1457 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Puritanism/Religion† show that what set Puritanism apart from the rest was the way it was preached and the intense experience it gave many. The style and teaching of the Bible have evolved over time. According to the â€Å"Journal of Church and State,† the Puritans connected a covenant relationship with unifying themselves (2014). McMahon (n.d.) stated they wanted a pure church with the Word of God. Preachers In Salem The path to becoming a preacher started very early on in their lives. Stated in McMahon’sRead MoreBenjamin Franklin As A Representation Of The Enlightenment1571 Words   |  7 PagesRepresentation of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was largely a rational response to the 16th and 17th century Scientific Revolution, as well as major developments in philosophical thinking, such as ideas proposed by Rene Descartes. During the Enlightenment, thinkers emphasize rational and critical ways of thinking, rather than the complete reliance on religion that had been previously accepted. In many ways, Benjamin Franklin was the human embodiment of the Age of Enlightenment. Similarly to theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesmethod by which to subdue and control social deviance--beggars, drunkards, outspoken women, and even the mad. Control was placed in the hands of the church, which began to wane the Enlightenment took hold. Yet, twenty years after the â€Å"zenith† of these trials, in 1692, witch trials found new life within a small Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts (Cockerham 2014: 10-11). Scholars have returned again and again to this event, demanding th at â€Å"Salem must be about something other than witches, demonsRead MoreThe 17th Century Puritan Influence on the Writings of Thomas Paine1578 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Common Knowledge: 17th Century Puritan Influence in Common Sense There can be little doubt as to the fact that Thomas Paine was one of the most incisive minds of the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that began in Europe and quickly spread to the surrounding continents including the United States of America, where Paine immigrated to. The embracing of concepts such as Deism and other ideas that favored mans prowess and knowledge over the traditional influence of a divine power during theRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe court system and America’s government. It also affected religion. One of the causes was an outbreak of public backlashes. A hysteria broke out in the colonies, causing a massive witch hunt. Although, over a period of time, the ideas of the Enlightenment caused the view of the trials to change. It gave a large quantity of natural ideas to the situation. There had specifically been an idea that the hallucinations were from a drug that the colonists had been consuming each day. Th is drug is calledRead Morereligion in the colonies773 Words   |  4 Pagesof the thirteen colonies had established churches. Having an established church meant you paid taxes for the support of that church whether or not you were a member. The colonies with official state or established churches of the Congregational (Puritan) church denomination consisted of Maine, Connecticut, and Vermont. Colonies that remained a part of the original Church of the England were Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and New York. John Calvin had a major influence

Ethical dilemmas Free Essays

Abstract This paper looks into the legal and physiological as well as a counselors best measures to take incase of an emergency relating to an abused woman who has a baby that could suffer if the woman is further exposed to the harm she has been undergoing. Introduction Ethical dilemmas are offset by conflict of ethical codes and a patient’s interest. According to Hill, Glaser and Harden, an ethical dilemma is a result of ‘no appropriate course of action, since each course of action conflicts with a set code of ethics all which expose the decision makers to uncertain risks (18-19). We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemmas or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such, the clinician or therapist has to assess the best course of action, help and recommendations to resolve a case without exposing both himself and the patient to risks. In this case, Jean is faced by an ethical dilemma in which she has to weigh her options without destroying her therapeutic relationship with Mary and her work. Jean has to assess her professional codes, the possible legal implications and the client’s needs before embarking on finding resolve. Though Mary is now absorbed in the counseling, it’s not clear how committed she is to the therapy, secondly, Mary is possibly too emotionally impaired that, she is confused about positive resolve. Mary’s from the onset doesn’t want her problem to be exposed, and also, she is afraid her decisions might result to further complexion of her life, endanger her little boy and subsequently expose her to risks. She has confided in Jean and Jean has, through professional ethics, to seek a proper methodology of arresting Mary’s problem. According to Hill, Glaser and Harden, ethical consideration which covers intuitive and cognitive levels of reasoning and con ­crete models for ethical decision making, and comments is seen to arise as Mary does not want to be known that she is attending counseling lessons most definitely by her husband. Issues of regarding the information and situation of the victim confidential is conflicting with a set of procedures which would help resolve Mary’s case. As such some ethical considerations on the side of Jean are necessary so as to find a solution and to more appropriately help Mary and the boy. Ethical considerations Jean has an obligation to safeguard respect for persons. This translates to respecting the autonomy and self-determination of the victim. The context of confidentiality arises as the foremost problem Jean is facing. Mary is seeking redress however; she is still rigid about eventualities which she has to face in the event of complete separation with her husband. Most accurately, she is fiscally unable hence would rather tolerate further abuse than starve in the streets. From this perspective, Jean is facing a profound ethical dilemma since she has to evaluate the need for assisting this woman while at the same time; she remains silent about her problem. This is a result of Mary’s anxiety about the destructive social, physical, psychological and legal consequences of dis ­closing her experience. Her situation is characterized by instability, insecurity, fear, dependence and loss of autonomy. Jean has a duty to protect those who lack autonomy, including providing security from harm or abuse. Any legal action aimed at Mary’s husband will certainly invoke an impasse which will further affect Mary. Mary has confided in Jean and Jean’s responsibility is to weigh and assess the options best suited to help Mary without further infringing her physiological well being. However, Jean has a more profound role in her capacity; she is now entrusted with the welfare of Mary and the child involved (Nama Schwartz 2002). She has a role which includes minimizing risks and assuring that benefits which Mary will get outweigh risks and eventualities which would harm Mary and her child. The child is another issue which Jean has to ethically consider. The child has suffered and is still exposed to both physical and physiological dangers. Jean has a duty to ensure that, the child is protected and that she evenly distributes the benefits of child protection without infringing Mary’s physiological well being (Brasseur 2001).On this child issue, research has shown that both maternal depression and social adversity lead to compromised social, cognitive, and emotional outcomes for infants (Murray Cooper, 1997), as such Jean has a huge responsibility to help the child as well. Read also Ethical Dilemma â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†Ã‚   by David Mamet However; Jean has to weigh the liability incurable if she helps the victim. Her decisions and involvement in implementing the most effective and concise decisions might result to drastic legal repercussions on her side (WHO 2007). According to Nama and Schwartz, as a social worker, Jean might find herself going beyond her employer code of ethics (6). Confidentiality The context of confidentiality comes up when Mary confesses her traumatic life and the sensitive issue of the boy’s harassment. Jean has been privileged by Mary as a confidant regardless of her position as a social worker. Secondly, Mary has testified that the boy is in great risk if the father continues to be near him. The need for confiding is to edge nearer to the truth about both Mary’s and the baby’s condition and if the father had in any way molested or even sexually assaulted the baby. This is based on the fact that Mary wants the issue of the baby and the father kept secret. Jean has a duty to warn the patient of the impending dangers of going back to her husband and the subsequent eventualities on the baby (143). The husband might be more violent and as he is used to, beat her and abuse the child. Jean should, assess and document Mary’s problems and inform the liable authorities. This way, the principles of the practice of informed consent won’t put Jean at a risk of prosecutions since if ‘the clients’ safety is jeopardized, Mary risked with her consent fully aware of the implications as advised by Jean (Bednar et al., 1991). According to Hill, Glaser and Harden, ‘the protection of Mary takes precedence over Mary agreeing to treatment in this emergency situation (143). Addressing the issues From the onset, Jean should document Mary’s case and inform the facilitator of the impeding problem. This way she will be able to present credible evidence about Mary’s case to any referral or during counseling. Documenting Mary’s case is the initial step to address the problem. This, she should do in a manner that wont risk the confidentiality of the victims. She should make available the basic care Mary and the child need. This she should do at the earliest convenience even before Mary tells away any further problems she is facing. Jean has already assessed the immediate consequences of foregoing treatment and since Mary’s behavioral reac ­tion to the current situation is potentially harmful to herself and the baby. If help is not offered immediately, she has to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure no harm comes to Mary and the baby (Bednar et al). As such, Jean has to protect the confidentiality to ensure the baby and the mothers are safe as well as herself (WHO, 2001). Jean should take into consideration that the victim’s physical safety is the most important step; as such she should not allow Mary to leave the facility whatsoever until a resolve is found. Also, she should make sure the confidentiality of the victim remains prioritized. Each resolve she uses should be aimed at reducing any possible caused to Mary. The baby should be given all necessary child protection amenities and kept safe. This should be prioritized to avert Mary’s irrationality from taking unprecedented emotional toll on the baby. These actions will safeguard both the mother and baby. Consultation There is an urgent need for Jean to consult with relevant authorities about the issue of the husband. This is based on an intuitive and the critical evaluative levels of moral reasoning as argued by Kitchener (1984). This will help Jean have a background and a foreword on what Mary needs in therapy and if, she Jean, is capable or cannot, based on a cognitive evaluation of the confidence aspect of the case, continue to counsel Mary. This will promptly lead to consulting with another counselor to help Mary. Jean has to account if the cognitive and rational respites are good for both the subjects and herself, and if, in her perspective, would they befit her (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 12). Through consultation Jean can be able to identify a better treatment. She and the colleague can re-examine the data Jean has collected about the patient and come up with a more decisive resolve. The new resolve might affect Mary and breach the ethics of confidentiality, but they are effective and would result to helping Mary once and for all. Not to honor the client’s choice without compelling reasons would constitute a paternalistic response from the Jean (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 25). The considerations here should aim at making sure more benefits and less harm came to Mary conceptually regardless of her perception. Jean will continue to evaluate and consult about the case to find more appropriate resolves in principal. To consult with someone and document the consultation when in doubt is a mandatory practice which Jean should not ignore. Consultation is mandatory since the situation involves physical harm to both Mary and the baby and threats and circum ­stances in which abuse is susceptible (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 25). Responsibility Jean Is now bound in principal as the guardian to Mary. She has to follow up the case and make sure that Mary’s therapy continues so as to have her empowered to become independent and have the ability to have autonomy and an emotional balance so as to make rational decisions. Her commitment to Mary is to ensure Mary recovers and regains her autonomy Other considerations Jean should assess if the potential risk of Mary and the boy coming to harm and if all suggestions made to clients were meant to ensure clients’ safety. She should make sure Interventions initiated to decrease the risk of the baby coming to harm. On the case of the mother, she should consult clinical opinions regarding clients’ capacity so that she can assess if the mother’s ability to determine right from wrong. Consultation with other professionals and supervisors so as to have Mary watched and advised incase she is not within proximity of the facility. Works cited Brasseur. D (2001) Ethical considerations in clinical trials;(CPMP) Hill, M., Glaser, K., Harden, J, () A feminist model for ethical decision making Murray, L., Cooper, P. (Eds). (1997).   Postpartum depression and child development. New York: The Guilford Press. Nama.N., Swartz.L., (2002): Ethical and Social Dilemmas in Community-based Controlled Trials in Situations of Poverty: A View from a South African Project : Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology 12: 286–297 How to cite Ethical dilemmas, Essay examples

Our Guide to College Greek Life

Being a student does not mean lectures, exams, and boring college parties only. A student life is your great chance to join something more than just a group of people who try to get the same type of diploma; and when we say â€Å"something more†, we mean Greek organizations (do not confuse them with anything related to Greece!). Wanna feel yourself a protagonist of a high school movie? Welcome to Greek life then!Greek life is a life of fraternities and sororities, and every freshman is welcome to join them, though some nuances should still be taken into account before doing that. So, make sure youve read our guide to Greek life for every student to find out if he is ready to live it in college, and whether he wants to do that at all.To join or not to join them?Certainly, it is up to you whether to join a fraternity/sorority house or not, because such a membership is not compulsory of course. Every student decides for himself whether he wants to be a part of such a group while studying at college or university or not.The truth is, that these organizations may be very attractive for freshmen who live far away from home for example, and who want to feel themselves relatively safe. Moreover, the spirit of camaraderie is uncommonly strong in these chapters, where all members stick together and often work for some common goals. Sounds not bad, huh?But Greek life may be not a very good idea for those students who do not like different kinds of organizations on general principle, who feel a lack of finance for joining them, or who fail with some other attributes (sports achievements or facial appearance for example). So, if you are not a cute blonde with big heart, or a strong guy who breaks bricks by his head, Greek life may have a couple of fails in store for you.How to join them?First of all, you should know that there are not two but three types of Greek chapters actually. Contrary to what is believed (fraternities are male-only, and sororities are female-on ly), there are also mixed Greek chapters too, like Phi Sigma Pi or Kappa Kappa Psi for example (which are much more popular among students, if you know what we mean). The process of joining a Greek organization varies from college to college, and between each fraternity and sorority. There is no standard method, so if youre interested in joining a particular sorority or fraternity then you will have to talk to one of its members to find out what is involved there.What can influence your membership?A fee for your membership (no money – no honey, sorry)Your academic results (geeks and nerds have their own fraternities of course, but it is even more difficult to become their members)Your sports results (everyone loves athletic guys and girls, cest la vie)Proved organizational skills gathering folks to make a rocking college flash mob will work too!Some specific criteria of every single Greek organization (you never know, what these dudes have in mind)By the way, speaking about academic results, it should be mentioned, that academic testing of students who joined or did not join Greek letter organizations have demonstrated the following fact: male members usually achieve lower grades than other male students who do not live Greek life.As for female students, this was also found to be true in the first year, but bonds grew, and some results showed sororities academic results beating independent students in the later years. It is perhaps true, that the added strain of the financial cost of being a member, as well as time spent on organizational matters, took away study time in the first year. This could have affected results adversely; however, students did gain a far greater sense of self-confidence and self-worth which made college life easier to deal with.What will change for you after joining them?Well, first of all, you should join them. What does this whole process look like?Rush weekGet ready to complete a number of tasks to prove the fact you are wor th being a new member of their chapter (walking naked at campus for example, why not?).HazingThe practice of hazing is widely derided, and is now illegal in most states. However, it still continues to these days. Hazing is a practice of ritualized and sometimes non-ritualized embarrassment of a student who wishes to enter a sorority or a fraternity.PledgesDepending on the organization, this is a period of a continued review to ensure the initial selection was the right one, usually culminating in an initiation ceremony.Initiation ceremonyThe initiation ceremony is often a ceremony over a period of a few hours. It is heavily ritualized, based around Greek practices and some Masonic practices, and quite often it has been performed the same way for decades.AttributesBarges: once youve become a fully-fledged member of the community, youll be given a barge which should be worn all the time. Sometimes these barges are protected legally in order to prevent them from selling outside of the college.Coats of arms: they are often a part of the organizations mythology. The majority of Greek chapters have them, so, get ready to wear the coat of arms of your fraternity/sorority as well.Apparel: there are also t-shirts, tops, jewelry, and many other items with the marking of your Greek chapter that are often handed down or can be won in specific competitions among the chapters members. Who knows, maybe you will have a scarf and a cloak like Harry Potter to designate your affiliation to Gryffindor?The vast majority of fraternities/sororities members do not carry their association beyond the college experience. It is not necessary to have been a part of any particular Greek organization at college to benefit from career progression in later life. There is only one exception here – The Skull and Bones Chapter at Yale University, but this is another story.Greek life pros and consBenefits of being a member of some Greek chapter or organization are obvious:a camaraderie (yo ur â€Å"brothers† and â€Å"sisters† will always help you deal with college problems, and they will definitely support you);a life full of events and activities (this can make your college life more enjoyable by having like-minded people around, and it is always much better than being alone, isnt it?).But are there any drawbacks of your life in fraternity or sorority? When you are a freshman, it can be quite difficult for you to combine your study and Greek life, especially during the extended period of pledging before becoming a full member: all those activities will grab all your time and take you away from studies. In case you get low GPA and want to improve it, you should know that there are many ways to work it out. For example, you can get help with college papers (both writing and research); just make sure to provide strict guidelines and as many details as you can.One more nuance that can surprise you is the cost of joining and staying a member of a Greek orga nization. It is in about $3,500 at some colleges. Some chapters ask their members to pay on a regular basis to maintain membership (annually or monthly). So, if you want to stay a member of your chosen fraternity or sorority, you may have to work longer hours at your part-time job to be able to pay all those fees. Well, maybe this is one of the main aspects to explain the lower academic results of Greek organizations members weve mentioned above.ConclusionHaving read all the information above, are you still sure you want to join any Greek organization? Its your choice, but remember the fact, that Greek life is not for everyone (for example, if you have your own house, this can mean sharing it with up to 70 other students from your fraternity. It sounds cool, and it can give you a reputation of a true bro among other students, but are you ready for this?). What is a heaven for one person can be a real hell for another one. However, fraternities and sororities can provide a safe envir onment for students away from home, who are in need of a new family to belong to. Do not lose your chance, if you have one!.